This study investigates the impact of deforestation on soil health in Dekina Local Government Area (LGA), Kogi State, Nigeria. By analyzing soil samples from forested, deforested, and agricultural lands, the study aimed to quantify changes in essential soil nutrients, namely nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). A total of 60 soil samples were collected and analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results indicated that forested soils had higher nutrient levels (N: 0.15%, P: 15 mg/kg, K: 220 mg/kg) compared to deforested soils (N: 0.08%, P: 8 mg/kg, K: 120 mg/kg). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed significant differences in nutrient levels among the different land use types (p < 0.05). Regression analysis showed strong negative correlations between deforestation and soil nutrients (r = -0.85 for N, r = -0.78 for P, r = -0.82 for K), highlighting the adverse effects of deforestation on soil fertility. The findings revealed the need for reforestation, sustainable agricultural practices, and policy interventions to mitigate soil degradation and enhance land productivity.